DIRECTIONSEach sentence in Part A has a word or phrase italic. Below each sentence are four words or phrases. You are to choose the one word or phrase which would best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it were substituted for the italic word.
GO TO PART B
DIRECTIONSIn Part B, the questions are based on a variety of reading material (single sentences, paragraphs, advertisements, and the like). You are to choose the one best answer, (1),(2),(3),or(4), to each question. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of problem and mark your answer. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage.
The Stone Age was a period of history which began in approximately 2 million b.c. and lasted until 3000 b.c.Its name was derived from the stone tools and weapons that modern scientists found. This period was divided into the Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic Ages.During the first period, (2 million to 8000 b.c.) the first hatchet and use of fire for heating and cooking were developed. As a result of the Ice Age, which evolved about 1 million years into Paleolithic Age, people were forced to seek shelter in caves, and develop new tools. During the Mesolithic Age (8000 to 6000 b.c.) people made crude pottery and the first fish books, took dogs hunting, and developed a bow and arrow, which was used until the fourteenth century A.D. The Neolithic Age (6000 to 3000 b.c.) saw humankind domesticating sheep goats, pigs, and cattle, being less nomadic than in previous eras, establishing permanent settlements, and creating governments.
Hot boning is an energy saving technique for the meat processing industry. It has received considerable attention in recent years when increased pressure for energy conservation has accounted the need for more efficient methods of processing the bovine carcass. Cooling of an entire carcass requires a considerably amount of refrigerated space, since bone and trimmable fat are cooled along with the muscle. It is also necessary to space the carcasses dequately in the refrigerated room for better air movement and prevention of microbial contamination, thus adding to the volume requirements for carcass chillers. Conventional handling of meat involves holding the beef sides in the coller for 24 to 36 hours before boning. Chilling in the traditional fashion is also associated with a loss of carcass weight ranging from 2% to 4% due to evaporation of moisture from the meat tissue. Early excision, or hot boning, of muscle prerigor followed by vacuum packaging has several potential advantages. By removing only the edible muscle and fat prerigor,refrigeration space and costs are minimized, boning labor is decreased and storage yields increased. Because hot boning often results in toughening of meat, a more recent approach, hot boning following electrical stimulation, has been used to reduce the necessary time of rigor mortis. Some researchers have found this method beneficial in maintaining tender meat, while others have found that the meat also becomes tough after electrical stimulation.
In 1920, after some thirty-nine years of problems with Jisease, high costs, and politics, the Panama Canal was officially opened, finally linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans by allowing ships to pass through fifty-mile canal zone instead of traveling some seven thousand miles around Cape Horn. It takes a ship approximately eight hours to complete trip through the canal and costs an average of fifteen thousand dollars, one-tenth of what it would cost an average ship to round the Horn. More than fifteen thousand ships pass through its locks each year. The French initiated the project but sold their rights to the United States. The latter will control it until the end of the twentieth century when Panama takes over its duties.
In 776 B.C. the first Olympic Games were held at the foot of mount Olympus to honor the Greeks' chief god, Zeus. The Greeks emphasized physical fitness and strength in their education of youth. Therefore contests in running, jumping, discus and javelin throwing, boxing, and horse and chariot racing were held in individual cities, and the winners competed every four years at Mount Olympus. Winners were greatly honored by having olive wreaths placed on their heads and having poems sung about their deeds. Originally these were held as games of friendship, and any wars in progress were halted to allow the games take place. The Greeks attached so much importance to these games that they calculated time in four-year cycles called "Olympiads" dating from 776 B.C.
Tampa, Florida, owes a great deal of its growth and prosperity to a Cuban cigar manufacturer named Vicente Martinez Ybor. When the Cuban Revolution broke out in 1869, he was forced to flee his country and moved his business to south Florida. Sixteen years later serious problems caused him to seek a better location along the west coast of the state. His original land purchase of sixteen blocks expanded to more than one hundred acres near Tampa. This newly developed area was called Ybor City in his honor. With the demand for Factory workers for Ybor's business, t he the surrounding areas expanded and thrived.
Lichens are a unique group of complex, flowerless plants growing on rocks and trees. There are thousands kinds of lichens, which come in a wide variety of colors. They are composed of algae and fungi which unite to satisfy the needs the lichens. The autotrophic green algae produce produce all their own food through a process called photosynthesis and provide the lichen with nutritional elements. On the other hand, the heterotrophic fungus, which on other elements to provide its food, not only absorbs and stores water for the plant, but also helps protect it. This union by which two dissimilar organisms live together is called "symbiosis". This sharing enables lichens to resist the most adverse environmental conditions found on earth. They can be found in some very unlikely places such as polar ice caps as well as in tropical zones, in dry areas as well in wet ones, on mountain peaks and along coastal areas. The lichen's strong resistance to its hostile environment and its ability to live in harmony with such environments is one example that humanity should consider in trying solve their own problems.
For each of these questions, choose the answer that is CLOSEST in meaning of the original sentence. Note that several of the choices may be factually correct, but you should choose the one that is the CLOSEST RESTATEMENT OF THE GIVEN SENTENCE.
STOP. THIS IS THE END OF THE EXAMINATION. IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS UP,CHECK YOUR WORK ON PARTS A AND B OF THE READING COMPREHENSION AND VOCABULARY SECTION ONLY. DO NOT RETURN TO ANY OTHER SECTION OF THE TEST.